english grammar

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	بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ,,,, ______________________ Unclear Antecedent A pronoun's antecedent must be clear. Incorrect: I never go to that place because they have stale bread. (What does they refer to? Both I and place are singular.) Correct: I never go to that place because it has stale bread. When the antecedent is a different gender, person, or number than the pronoun it is supposed to replace; this is sometimes called a "faulty co-reference." Incorrect: Politics is my favorite subject. They are such fascinating people. Correct: Politics is my favorite subject. Politicians are such fascinating people. Faulty co-reference may also occur with adverbs that do not replace an adverbial expression or pronouns that do not replace nouns. Incorrect: He ought to speak French well. He lived there for twenty years. Correct: He ought to speak French well. He lived in France for twenty years. Ambiguous Antecedent A pronoun's antecedent must be unambiguous. Sometimes there may be more than one word the pronoun could refer to. In a case like that, it may be better not to use the pronoun. Incorrect: The suitcase was on the plane, but now it's gone. (What is gone? The suitcase or the plane?) Correct: The suitcase was on the plane, but now the suitcase is gone. OR The suitcase was on the plane, but now the plane is gone. (Depends on which you mean...) Faraway Antecedent The pronoun must be close enough to the word it is replacing so that your reader knows whom or what you are talking about. Unclear: Buford saw Longstreet's division coming toward his men. Reynolds' troops responded quickly to the calls for assistance, and soon he found himself in the midst of a deadly battle. (Who is he? Buford, Reynolds, or Longstreet?) Clear: Buford saw Longstreet's division coming toward his men. Reynolds' troops responded quickly to the calls for assistance, and soon Buford found himself in the midst of a deadly battle. Using Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns are words which replace nouns without specifying which noun they replace. Singular: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something Plural: both, few, many, others, several Singular or Plural: all, any, more, most, none, some Singular indefinite pronouns take singular verbs or singular personal pronouns. Correct: Each of the members has one vote. (The subject, each, is singular. Use has.) Incorrect: One of the girls gave up their seat. Correct: One of the girls gave up her seat. (Her refers to one, which is singular.) Plural indefinite pronouns take plural verbs or plural personal pronouns. Correct: A few of the justices were voicing their opposition. (Few is plural, so are were and their.) For indefinite pronouns that can be singular or plural, it depends on what the indefinite pronoun refers to. Correct: All of the people clapped their hands. (All refers to people, which is plural.) Correct: All of the newspaper was soaked. (Here all refers to newspaper, which is singular.) A Gender-Sensitive Case The pronouns ending with -body or -one such as anybody, somebody, no one, or anyone are singular. So are pronouns like each and every. Words like all or some may be singular. That means that a possessive pronoun referring to these singular words must also be singular. In standard written English the possessive pronoun his is used to refer to a singular indefinite pronoun unless the group referred to is known to be all female. Incorrect: Is everyone happy with their gift? Correct: Is everyone happy with his gift? (Everyone and is are singular. The possessive pronoun must be singular, too) Most languages, including English, observe the standard of using the masculine pronoun in situations like this. However, in some circles today the idea of choosing the masculine pronoun sounds discriminatory against women. If this usage bothers you, or if you think it may bother your audience, there are two possible ways to work around this and still use standard English.

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	بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ,,,, __________________________ . Use the phrase his or her. It is a little awkward, but OK Correct: Is everyone happy with his or her gift? 2. Rewrite the sentence using a plural pronoun or antecedent. Plural personal pronouns in English no longer distinguish between masculine and feminine. Correct: Are all the people happy with their gifts? Pronouns with Than or As When you use a pronoun in a comparison using the words than or as, use the proper pronouns as if all the words were being said. Most of the time when we use a comparison using than or as, we leave words out. This is technically called an elliptical clause--a clause with an ellipsis. An ellipsis is words left out. Look at it this way. There is a difference between the two following sentences. Both are grammatically correct; they just mean two different things. He likes you more than me. He likes you more than I. Think of what words are left out: He likes you more than I do. (I is the subject) He likes you more than he likes me. (Me is the direct object) When a pronoun follows than or as in a comparison make sure you understand what words are missing and then use the correct pronoun. Incorrect: He is taller than her. (i.e., than her is?) Correct: He is taller than she. (i.e., than she is. Much better!) Incorrect: He is as happy as them. (i.e., as happy as them are?) Correct: He is as happy as they. (i.e., as happy as they are.) Correct with one meaning: He sees you more often than I. (i.e., than I see you.) Correct with another meaning: He sees you more often than me. (i.e., than he sees me.) The case of the pronoun makes the difference! For more, see Pronoun Case. Misplaced Modifiers This is a common problem in American Writing has to be more precise than speaking, or it will be misunderstood. A misplaced modifier is simply a word or phrase describing something but not placed near enough the word it is supposed to modify. The modifying word or phrase is not dangling; no extra words are needed; the modifier is just in the wrong place. Incorrect: I had to take down the shutters painting the house yesterday. It sounds like the shutters painted the house! Place the modifying phrase painting the house near or next to the word it is meant to modify. Correct: Painting the house yesterday, I had to take down the shutters. Possessive Pronouns Certain pronouns called possessive pronouns show ownership. Some are used alone; some describe a noun. Used alone: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, whose Correct: That computer is hers. Modify noun: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose Correct: That is her computer. Please note that none of the possessive pronouns are spelled with an apostrophe. See Apostrophes with Pronouns for more on this. Possessive Pronouns with Gerunds Possessive pronouns are used to describe gerunds. Using the objective case confuses the reader. Incorrect: You winning in spite of the odds inspired us all. (Ambiguous and awkward. Do you inspire or does the winning inspire?) Correct: Your winning in spite of the odds inspired us all. Incorrect: We could not stand him whining about everything. (Which could you not stand? Him? or His whining?) Because of the possible confusion, use possessive pronouns with gerunds. Correct: We could not stand his whining about everything. Pronoun Case Pronouns are words that Americans often carelessly use in their speech. The problem is that the use of pronouns must be very clear when we write. Many times the writing will be misunderstood; at best, the writer will appear uneducated. A major problem with pronouns is the use of the wrong case. In English certain pronouns are meant to be the subject or predicate nominative of a sentence. Other words are meant to be the objects--whether direct, indirect, objects of prepositions, or object complements. Pronouns used as subjects or predicate nominatives (nominative case): I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who Pronouns used as objects (objective case): me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom Some things are really obvious. All English speakers know we say "I like him," not "Me like he." But there are four common problem areas with pronoun case: compounds, appositives, predicate nominatives, and who/whom. Compound Subjects and Objects with Pronouns If we know that "Me like him" is incorrect, then that also means that "Katy and me like him " is incorrect. The word I belongs in the subject. The sentence should read "Katy and I like him." Similarly, the subject in "Katy and we like him" is correct. Politeness says that the I, we, me or us comes last. If the sentence had some kind of compound object the sentence would read : "Katy likes Joe and me," not "Katy likes Joe and I." After all, we would say "Katy likes me," not "Katy likes I." Similarly the object in "Katy likes the Johnsons and us" is correct. Pronouns with Appositives Sometimes a de******ive noun phrase called an appositive will follow a personal pronoun . Keep the proper case of the pronoun. We do not say: "Us want ease of use." We say: "We want ease of use." Therefore we do not say: "Us computer users want ease of use." Instead, we should say: "We computer users want ease of use." The Chronicles of Narnia says: "Come in front with us lions." That is correct. We say "with us," not "with we," so we should say "with us lions." Pronouns in the Predicate Nominative In standard written English, the personal pronouns in the predicate nominative are the same as they would be in the subject. Most Americans do not speak this way, but it is grammatically correct. The nominative case follows a linking verb to rename the subject. Incorrect: The winner was her. (Objective case) Correct: The winner was she. (Nominative case) She is a predicate nominative. It uses the same case as the subject since it simply renames the subject. Even though we may often say, "It's me" the grammatically correct way is "It's I." Who and Whom Who and whom correspond to he and him. Who is the subject or predicate nominative. Whom is the object. Correct: Who are you? (Subject) Correct: Whom do you see? (Direct object) Correct: Whom did you give it to? (Object of preposition to) Correct: Who did that? (Subject) It may help you to recall that who follows the same pattern as he and they. When all three are in the objective case, they end with m: whom, him, them. This same pattern applies when you add the suffix -ever or -soever: Correct: Whoever dies with the most toys wins. (Subject) Correct: He gave that ticket to whoever asked for one. (Subject of asked) Correct: Pick whomever I tell you to. (Direct objec ___________________ يعطيكم العافيه يد بيد لنرتقي بالمنتدى للافضل املين بأن تعم الفائده للجميع احترامي ,,,,,, اختكم في الله جلنار t